Material Properties Reference

Common Steels

MaterialGradeHardnessTensile (ksi)Machinability %Notes
Low Carbon1018126 BHN6470General purpose, easy to weld
Medium Carbon1045170–210 BHN8257Heat treatable, shafts & gears
Alloy4130197 BHN9770Chrome-moly, aerospace tubing
Alloy4140197–235 BHN9566Versatile alloy, heat treatable
Alloy4340217–255 BHN10850High strength, aircraft landing gear
Case Hardening8620149–197 BHN7766Carburizing grade, gears & pinions
Tool SteelA257–62 HRC36Air hardening, dies & punches
Tool SteelD258–64 HRC27High chrome, wear resistant
Tool SteelO157–62 HRC65Oil hardening, gauges & jigs
Tool SteelM260–65 HRC30HSS, drill bits & taps
Tool SteelS754–58 HRC40Shock resistant, chisels & punches
Tool SteelH1344–52 HRC40Hot work, die casting dies
StructuralA36119–159 BHN58–8072Structural, weldable
Free Machining12L14163 BHN78170Leaded, best machinability

Stainless Steels

GradeTypeHardnessMachinability %Notes
303Austenitic160–200 BHN78Free machining stainless, sulfur added
304Austenitic170–200 BHN45Most common, 18-8, food grade
316Austenitic170–200 BHN36Marine grade, molybdenum added
410Martensitic180–220 BHN54Heat treatable, moderate corrosion resistance
420Martensitic50–55 HRC45Cutlery & surgical, higher carbon
440CMartensitic58–60 HRC25Highest hardness stainless, bearings
17-4 PHPrecipitation Hardening35–44 HRC48Aerospace, high strength with good corrosion resistance

Aluminum Alloys

AlloyTemperTensile (ksi)MachinabilityNotes
6061T645ExcellentMost common, good all-around
7075T683GoodAerospace, very high strength
2024T370GoodAircraft skins, fatigue resistant
5052H3233FairMarine, good weldability & corrosion resistance
6063T635GoodExtrusions, architectural
MIC-6Cast25ExcellentCast plate, very stable, fixture plates

Other Metals

MaterialHardnessMachinabilityNotes
Brass C36078 HRBExcellent (100)Free cutting brass, the machinability baseline
Bronze C932 (SAE 660)65 HRBGood (50)Bearing bronze, self-lubricating
Copper C11040–50 HRBFair (20)ETP copper, gummy — use sharp tools
Titanium 6Al-4V (Grade 5)36 HRCPoor (22)Most common Ti alloy, aerospace, low speed & rigid setup
Inconel 71836–44 HRCVery Poor (12)Nickel superalloy, work hardens, ceramic inserts recommended
Monel 400110–185 BHNPoor (18)Nickel-copper, marine & chemical, work hardens

Plastics

MaterialTensile (ksi)Machinability Notes
Delrin / Acetal (POM)10Excellent machining, very stable, sharp tools, high speed
Nylon 6/612Good machining, absorbs moisture — may swell
UHMW-PE5.8Flexible, tends to deflect — use light cuts, sharp tools
PTFE (Teflon)3.9Very soft, cold flow under load, use very sharp tools
Polycarbonate9.5Chips well, can crack if stressed — avoid coolant on edges
ABS6.5Good machining, melts at low temperatures — moderate speed
G10 / FR445Fiberglass, extremely abrasive — use carbide or diamond tooling, dust hazard

Material Hardness Conversion

HRCHB (Brinell)HV (Vickers)Tensile (approx ksi)
20226238106
25253266120
30286302138
35331350160
40371392180
45421446208
50481513242
55546587280
60613697320
65832